Zaahen's win rate against every opponent by role. Sort ↓ for favorable matchups, ↑ for counters. Click a champion to filter runes, summoners, and item builds by that matchup.
Zaahen's win rate when paired with each teammate by role. Sort ↓ for strongest synergies, ↑ for weakest. Click a champion to filter runes, summoners, and item builds by that pairing.
3.3%·Average compared to other champions in this role
Ban Rate
5.0%·Average compared to other champions in this role
Win RateⓘBayesian-smoothed: (wins + 25) / (games + 50). Reliable even with small samples.
50.8%·Average compared to other champions in this role
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Q
1
4
5
7
9
W
3
14
E
2
8
10
12
13
R
6
11
65.1% PR · 60.0% WR · 185 games
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Q
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Q
top
Zaahen's WR vs enemy top. Sort ↓ for Zaahen's easiest matchups, ↑ for hardest (strongest counters).
Matchup score from Zaahen's perspective: positive = favorable (high WR, over-performs), negative = hard matchup (strong counter). Prevalence amplifies magnitude without flipping sign. Matches the WR/Delta direction.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate against this opponent. (wins + 25) / (games + 50).Aggregated matchup delta: (Zaahen's delta − opponent's delta) / 2. Positive = lopsided in Zaahen's favor. Hover a row for the component deltas.Number of games observed. More games = more reliable WR.
YorickFilter
9.260.4%+9.4%51
GarenFilter
6.455.8%+5.8%165
Tahm KenchFilter
5.356.1%+5.7%48
NasusFilter
4.955.7%+5.5%56
JayceFilter
4.454.5%+3.9%104
IreliaFilter
4.354.4%+3.9%108
SionFilter
4.053.9%+3.2%141
AuroraFilter
3.854.7%+4.5%36
RumbleFilter
3.854.5%+4.0%51
AatroxFilter
3.653.3%+2.9%175
KledFilter
3.053.6%+3.8%47
K'SanteFilter
2.552.8%+1.8%92
PantheonFilter
2.052.5%+2.4%49
GwenFilter
1.852.3%+1.6%61
RenektonFilter
1.551.7%+1.3%122
Dr. MundoFilter
1.351.8%+1.6%64
MordekaiserFilter
0.751.0%+0.8%103
OrnnFilter
0.751.0%+1.3%103
YoneFilter
0.450.8%+0.2%82
MalphiteFilter
0.450.7%+0.8%86
DariusFilter
0.250.5%-0.1%140
UrgotFilter
0.150.5%+0.3%53
GangplankFilter
-0.050.3%+0.2%103
JaxFilter
-0.150.3%+0.3%149
AkaliFilter
-0.350.0%-0.5%32
KennenFilter
-0.350.0%+0.1%34
ShenFilter
-0.350.0%-0.0%72
AmbessaFilter
-0.450.0%-0.7%150
VladimirFilter
-0.849.4%-0.6%27
TeemoFilter
-0.849.5%-1.2%41
VolibearFilter
-1.249.1%-1.3%58
TryndamereFilter
-1.249.1%-1.2%56
IllaoiFilter
-1.348.9%-1.4%44
RivenFilter
-1.449.0%-0.6%93
TrundleFilter
-1.748.0%-2.6%25
SingedFilter
-2.347.8%-2.4%40
PoppyFilter
-2.546.6%-3.5%23
FioraFilter
-2.547.8%-2.3%86
WarwickFilter
-3.046.9%-3.2%31
GnarFilter
-3.147.3%-3.5%96
VarusFilter
-3.446.2%-3.7%28
YasuoFilter
-3.646.4%-4.1%47
SettFilter
-3.746.8%-3.6%104
Cho'GathFilter
-4.445.5%-4.6%51
GragasFilter
-4.845.1%-5.5%52
OlafFilter
-5.244.6%-5.4%42
KayleFilter
-5.344.6%-5.1%51
CamilleFilter
-5.644.7%-5.3%82
VayneFilter
-10.839.6%-10.4%89
jungle
Zaahen's WR vs enemy jungle. Sort ↓ for Zaahen's easiest matchups, ↑ for hardest (strongest counters).
Matchup score from Zaahen's perspective: positive = favorable (high WR, over-performs), negative = hard matchup (strong counter). Prevalence amplifies magnitude without flipping sign. Matches the WR/Delta direction.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate against this opponent. (wins + 25) / (games + 50).Aggregated matchup delta: (Zaahen's delta − opponent's delta) / 2. Positive = lopsided in Zaahen's favor. Hover a row for the component deltas.Number of games observed. More games = more reliable WR.
ViegoFilter
7.256.8%+5.8%207
WarwickFilter
6.958.3%+8.0%34
Dr. MundoFilter
5.956.9%+6.3%59
ZyraFilter
5.356.5%+7.0%35
NaafiriFilter
4.354.8%+4.4%107
SylasFilter
4.154.5%+4.9%104
SejuaniFilter
3.955.1%+5.5%28
TalonFilter
3.854.2%+4.2%103
ZedFilter
3.854.7%+4.3%36
GwenFilter
3.755.3%+4.7%26
AatroxFilter
3.554.3%+4.2%44
JaxFilter
3.354.1%+3.8%35
ZacFilter
3.053.7%+3.9%45
KarthusFilter
2.853.8%+3.9%28
SkarnerFilter
2.753.9%+4.0%26
AmumuFilter
2.653.3%+3.3%42
MalphiteFilter
2.153.4%+2.4%23
UdyrFilter
1.752.1%+1.4%44
Kha'ZixFilter
1.651.9%+1.4%106
Nunu & WillumpFilter
1.652.0%+1.9%50
EvelynnFilter
1.552.0%+1.9%52
HecarimFilter
1.551.8%+1.7%87
NidaleeFilter
1.551.9%+1.6%56
NocturneFilter
1.351.5%+2.1%150
EkkoFilter
1.251.5%+1.5%80
ViFilter
1.251.5%+0.9%84
FiddlesticksFilter
1.251.5%+1.8%47
ShenFilter
1.152.1%+1.7%21
ShyvanaFilter
0.951.2%+0.7%77
VolibearFilter
0.350.6%-0.0%33
FizzFilter
0.350.7%+0.8%25
ShacoFilter
0.250.4%+0.5%69
KaynFilter
0.150.4%-0.0%87
NasusFilter
-0.649.3%-0.9%23
Lee SinFilter
-1.049.3%-1.0%248
BriarFilter
-1.248.9%-1.0%89
RengarFilter
-1.248.9%-1.5%87
EliseFilter
-1.548.5%-1.3%49
PantheonFilter
-1.648.3%-2.2%37
IvernFilter
-1.748.1%-1.8%31
GravesFilter
-1.848.7%-1.6%291
Rek'SaiFilter
-2.047.9%-1.3%71
Xin ZhaoFilter
-2.148.1%-1.4%133
KindredFilter
-2.547.4%-2.5%66
Jarvan IVFilter
-3.247.0%-3.2%152
QiyanaFilter
-3.646.0%-4.2%37
TaliyahFilter
-3.845.6%-4.0%29
AmbessaFilter
-4.246.0%-4.1%152
LilliaFilter
-5.044.5%-5.9%60
WukongFilter
-5.044.3%-6.3%38
Bel'VethFilter
-6.243.1%-6.6%52
Master YiFilter
-8.441.3%-8.7%105
DianaFilter
-8.840.4%-9.8%64
mid
Zaahen's WR vs enemy mid. Sort ↓ for Zaahen's easiest matchups, ↑ for hardest (strongest counters).
Matchup score from Zaahen's perspective: positive = favorable (high WR, over-performs), negative = hard matchup (strong counter). Prevalence amplifies magnitude without flipping sign. Matches the WR/Delta direction.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate against this opponent. (wins + 25) / (games + 50).Aggregated matchup delta: (Zaahen's delta − opponent's delta) / 2. Positive = lopsided in Zaahen's favor. Hover a row for the component deltas.Number of games observed. More games = more reliable WR.
Aurelion SolFilter
5.156.1%+6.2%57
HweiFilter
4.955.6%+5.2%94
YasuoFilter
4.354.4%+4.0%165
LuxFilter
4.154.9%+4.6%63
GalioFilter
4.054.5%+3.8%104
KatarinaFilter
3.954.1%+4.0%144
QiyanaFilter
3.254.0%+3.7%50
DianaFilter
3.053.7%+3.7%73
TalonFilter
2.853.6%+3.7%47
YoneFilter
2.152.5%+1.7%110
ViktorFilter
1.952.3%+2.1%126
EkkoFilter
1.752.3%+2.1%59
RyzeFilter
1.652.1%+0.8%96
SylasFilter
1.551.8%+1.2%145
NaafiriFilter
1.151.7%+1.3%39
AkaliFilter
1.051.4%+1.2%135
MelFilter
0.951.3%-0.3%100
SyndraFilter
0.751.1%+0.6%85
AhriFilter
0.450.7%+0.8%250
OriannaFilter
0.250.6%-0.2%112
KassadinFilter
0.150.4%+0.4%65
ZoeFilter
-0.050.3%+0.6%93
SwainFilter
-0.350.0%+0.2%30
LeBlancFilter
-0.350.0%-0.3%88
ZedFilter
-0.450.0%-0.3%132
IreliaFilter
-0.749.6%-1.0%63
AzirFilter
-0.749.5%-1.8%59
Twisted FateFilter
-1.049.3%-0.6%102
VeigarFilter
-1.548.7%-1.5%67
LissandraFilter
-1.748.6%-0.9%88
FizzFilter
-1.848.5%-1.4%82
AniviaFilter
-2.048.3%-1.8%97
MalzaharFilter
-2.447.8%-2.2%88
VexFilter
-2.847.2%-2.6%56
TaliyahFilter
-3.146.1%-4.6%26
AuroraFilter
-3.246.9%-3.8%78
SionFilter
-3.846.0%-3.8%37
AkshanFilter
-5.144.6%-5.3%62
VladimirFilter
-5.943.9%-6.8%64
XerathFilter
-7.043.0%-7.5%92
AnnieFilter
-7.541.9%-7.8%55
adc
Zaahen's WR vs enemy adc. Sort ↓ for Zaahen's easiest matchups, ↑ for hardest (strongest counters).
Matchup score from Zaahen's perspective: positive = favorable (high WR, over-performs), negative = hard matchup (strong counter). Prevalence amplifies magnitude without flipping sign. Matches the WR/Delta direction.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate against this opponent. (wins + 25) / (games + 50).Aggregated matchup delta: (Zaahen's delta − opponent's delta) / 2. Positive = lopsided in Zaahen's favor. Hover a row for the component deltas.Number of games observed. More games = more reliable WR.
DravenFilter
7.558.9%+8.6%101
SivirFilter
4.755.9%+5.2%95
VeigarFilter
4.155.6%+5.1%31
AsheFilter
3.954.3%+4.7%254
TristanaFilter
3.754.7%+4.7%87
YunaraFilter
3.454.0%+3.0%189
XayahFilter
2.753.7%+3.4%73
LucianFilter
2.553.1%+2.5%174
KalistaFilter
1.952.8%+1.9%39
CorkiFilter
1.752.5%+1.6%70
MelFilter
1.452.2%+1.8%40
VayneFilter
0.951.6%+1.2%109
SmolderFilter
0.851.4%+1.1%160
VarusFilter
0.551.1%-0.2%83
EzrealFilter
0.450.8%-0.5%422
CaitlynFilter
-0.150.4%+0.1%287
Vel'KozFilter
-0.350.0%+0.1%22
JhinFilter
-0.550.1%-0.5%335
JinxFilter
-0.749.8%+0.1%235
Miss FortuneFilter
-1.349.1%-1.2%119
TwitchFilter
-1.448.9%-1.4%89
ApheliosFilter
-1.948.4%-3.0%109
SennaFilter
-2.048.2%-1.8%64
Kai'SaFilter
-2.048.7%-2.5%299
Kog'MawFilter
-2.447.6%-2.2%34
SwainFilter
-3.246.8%-2.6%59
ZiggsFilter
-3.546.3%-3.8%32
YasuoFilter
-4.345.5%-4.4%38
SamiraFilter
-4.745.3%-5.0%98
LuxFilter
-5.143.4%-6.9%26
ZeriFilter
-5.444.1%-6.5%43
support
Zaahen's WR vs enemy support. Sort ↓ for Zaahen's easiest matchups, ↑ for hardest (strongest counters).
Matchup score from Zaahen's perspective: positive = favorable (high WR, over-performs), negative = hard matchup (strong counter). Prevalence amplifies magnitude without flipping sign. Matches the WR/Delta direction.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate against this opponent. (wins + 25) / (games + 50).Aggregated matchup delta: (Zaahen's delta − opponent's delta) / 2. Positive = lopsided in Zaahen's favor. Hover a row for the component deltas.Number of games observed. More games = more reliable WR.
MorganaFilter
5.456.2%+5.6%71
JannaFilter
5.055.7%+6.4%72
MilioFilter
4.654.9%+5.0%123
YuumiFilter
4.154.5%+3.2%117
PoppyFilter
3.954.8%+4.6%34
SonaFilter
3.253.5%+3.6%105
Vel'KozFilter
3.053.6%+3.5%47
PykeFilter
2.853.2%+2.8%108
Renata GlascFilter
2.753.9%+3.3%26
BlitzcrankFilter
2.052.3%+2.2%101
RakanFilter
1.852.1%+1.6%96
NeekoFilter
1.652.0%+1.4%52
XerathFilter
1.551.9%+1.3%56
NautilusFilter
1.351.3%+1.1%248
BrandFilter
1.351.7%+1.6%37
PantheonFilter
1.151.5%+1.4%53
LuxFilter
0.851.1%+0.5%89
ZyraFilter
0.851.1%+1.4%44
KarmaFilter
0.450.5%+0.2%257
SylasFilter
0.450.6%+0.7%27
MelFilter
0.350.5%-0.7%41
AlistarFilter
-0.250.0%+0.0%102
BraumFilter
-0.449.7%+0.2%131
SwainFilter
-1.148.9%-1.6%40
Tahm KenchFilter
-1.248.8%-1.2%34
NamiFilter
-1.349.1%-0.8%294
ThreshFilter
-1.349.0%-0.5%254
SeraphineFilter
-1.548.6%-0.9%135
RellFilter
-2.147.9%-1.5%90
BardFilter
-2.248.0%-1.7%152
LuluFilter
-2.647.8%-2.3%228
SorakaFilter
-2.647.4%-2.3%102
AniviaFilter
-2.946.7%-4.3%42
MaokaiFilter
-3.046.7%-3.2%40
LeonaFilter
-3.546.6%-3.4%126
ZileanFilter
-3.945.7%-3.8%42
SennaFilter
-4.145.8%-4.6%92
EliseFilter
-4.544.8%-4.8%37
jungle
Zaahen's WR when this ally plays jungle. Sort ↓ Score for best synergies, ↑ for worst.
Synergy score combining per-side delta, absolute edge, and how often the pairing is played (prevalence-weighted). Matches the ordering used in the synergy drill game. High = strong, reliable duo.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate when paired with this ally.Aggregated synergy delta: avg of Zaahen's delta and the ally's delta. High = both benefit from the pairing. Hover a row for the components.Number of games played together.
KindredFilter
5.856.9%+6.4%52
ViFilter
5.255.7%+6.0%108
NidaleeFilter
4.455.2%+5.0%66
EkkoFilter
4.054.5%+4.2%95
ZyraFilter
3.854.6%+3.6%47
ZacFilter
3.754.4%+3.7%64
Kha'ZixFilter
3.453.8%+4.0%106
UdyrFilter
3.454.2%+4.6%33
RammusFilter
3.053.8%+3.0%30
HecarimFilter
2.853.2%+3.1%91
FiddlesticksFilter
2.653.2%+2.5%59
TaliyahFilter
2.554.1%+3.1%24
EliseFilter
2.352.9%+2.2%54
SejuaniFilter
2.352.9%+2.3%35
ShacoFilter
2.252.7%+2.2%60
AmumuFilter
2.152.7%+2.2%43
WarwickFilter
1.752.6%+2.4%26
SylasFilter
1.651.9%+1.3%110
EvelynnFilter
1.551.9%+1.5%54
Jarvan IVFilter
1.251.4%+1.4%160
AmbessaFilter
0.851.0%+0.8%150
Master YiFilter
0.851.1%+0.6%91
GravesFilter
0.650.8%+0.7%263
NocturneFilter
0.550.8%-0.2%139
QiyanaFilter
-0.250.0%-0.5%24
VolibearFilter
-0.250.0%+0.2%32
WukongFilter
-0.250.0%+0.3%40
DianaFilter
-0.250.0%-0.4%82
KaynFilter
-0.649.7%-0.3%111
NaafiriFilter
-0.649.7%-0.2%105
KarthusFilter
-0.749.5%-0.9%43
PantheonFilter
-0.749.5%-0.4%41
Nunu & WillumpFilter
-1.149.0%-1.3%50
Xin ZhaoFilter
-1.249.1%-1.8%111
GwenFilter
-1.547.9%-1.9%23
ShyvanaFilter
-1.648.6%-1.3%90
BriarFilter
-1.748.4%-2.1%78
Lee SinFilter
-1.748.8%-1.3%235
Dr. MundoFilter
-1.948.2%-1.9%60
JayceFilter
-1.947.2%-2.6%22
RengarFilter
-2.947.1%-2.9%71
ZedFilter
-2.946.9%-3.0%48
TalonFilter
-3.047.0%-3.3%82
ShenFilter
-3.146.1%-3.9%26
Bel'VethFilter
-3.346.4%-4.3%34
LilliaFilter
-3.446.6%-3.4%81
IvernFilter
-3.646.1%-4.4%39
Rek'SaiFilter
-3.646.2%-5.1%54
ViegoFilter
-3.646.9%-2.5%195
AatroxFilter
-4.644.9%-5.6%39
JaxFilter
-6.442.9%-7.5%41
mid
Zaahen's WR when this ally plays mid. Sort ↓ Score for best synergies, ↑ for worst.
Synergy score combining per-side delta, absolute edge, and how often the pairing is played (prevalence-weighted). Matches the ordering used in the synergy drill game. High = strong, reliable duo.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate when paired with this ally.Aggregated synergy delta: avg of Zaahen's delta and the ally's delta. High = both benefit from the pairing. Hover a row for the components.Number of games played together.
HweiFilter
11.562.3%+12.0%96
VladimirFilter
5.756.3%+6.4%85
AkshanFilter
5.356.2%+5.8%55
AniviaFilter
5.255.7%+5.2%90
YoneFilter
4.755.3%+5.5%82
LeBlancFilter
4.454.9%+4.5%94
NaafiriFilter
4.156.9%+6.7%22
AhriFilter
3.353.0%+2.4%252
EkkoFilter
2.953.4%+3.1%66
CassiopeiaFilter
2.753.9%+3.8%26
KassadinFilter
2.653.2%+2.7%61
Aurelion SolFilter
2.252.7%+2.0%60
GalioFilter
0.851.1%+1.4%85
MalzaharFilter
0.851.0%+0.6%148
SwainFilter
0.751.4%+0.9%22
ZoeFilter
0.450.7%+0.1%92
AuroraFilter
0.450.6%+0.7%116
IreliaFilter
0.350.6%+0.7%35
FizzFilter
0.250.4%-0.1%71
SyndraFilter
0.150.3%+0.2%113
TalonFilter
-0.250.0%-0.5%32
XerathFilter
-0.250.0%-0.0%98
Twisted FateFilter
-0.250.0%-0.5%102
AkaliFilter
-0.250.0%-0.4%122
QiyanaFilter
-0.749.5%-0.6%47
TaliyahFilter
-0.749.5%-0.3%47
SylasFilter
-1.049.3%-0.6%161
VexFilter
-1.848.2%-2.6%62
LissandraFilter
-1.948.3%-2.8%124
YasuoFilter
-2.048.2%-1.9%118
AnnieFilter
-2.247.7%-2.9%61
SmolderFilter
-2.346.6%-2.4%23
DianaFilter
-2.347.6%-2.9%53
LuxFilter
-2.547.5%-2.5%70
ViktorFilter
-2.647.8%-2.6%153
AzirFilter
-2.847.1%-1.9%52
KatarinaFilter
-3.247.0%-3.4%118
RyzeFilter
-4.045.9%-3.4%85
ZedFilter
-4.345.8%-4.4%105
MelFilter
-4.745.4%-3.5%102
VeigarFilter
-4.944.8%-5.5%66
OriannaFilter
-5.644.5%-5.1%114
adc
Zaahen's WR when this ally plays adc. Sort ↓ Score for best synergies, ↑ for worst.
Synergy score combining per-side delta, absolute edge, and how often the pairing is played (prevalence-weighted). Matches the ordering used in the synergy drill game. High = strong, reliable duo.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate when paired with this ally.Aggregated synergy delta: avg of Zaahen's delta and the ally's delta. High = both benefit from the pairing. Hover a row for the components.Number of games played together.
SwainFilter
4.755.8%+4.6%36
ZiggsFilter
4.255.2%+4.6%46
AsheFilter
4.054.0%+2.9%265
LuxFilter
4.056.0%+5.7%25
Miss FortuneFilter
3.954.3%+4.1%134
JinxFilter
3.653.7%+2.9%231
SivirFilter
3.554.1%+4.3%96
CorkiFilter
3.053.6%+3.9%90
VeigarFilter
2.853.6%+3.2%34
SennaFilter
2.853.4%+3.0%66
YasuoFilter
2.453.1%+2.3%31
CaitlynFilter
1.451.5%+1.3%280
VayneFilter
1.451.7%+1.3%95
Kai'SaFilter
1.251.2%+1.8%311
SamiraFilter
1.051.3%+0.9%67
NilahFilter
0.851.3%+0.8%28
DravenFilter
0.550.7%+0.4%92
ZeriFilter
-0.150.0%-0.1%28
TwitchFilter
-0.250.0%-0.4%80
XayahFilter
-0.549.7%-0.7%97
ApheliosFilter
-0.749.4%+0.2%118
SmolderFilter
-1.249.0%-1.5%142
VarusFilter
-1.548.4%-0.9%78
Kog'MawFilter
-2.047.8%-3.2%40
TristanaFilter
-2.247.7%-2.9%80
Aurelion SolFilter
-2.446.7%-4.5%25
EzrealFilter
-3.147.6%-1.6%408
MelFilter
-3.246.5%-3.8%49
LucianFilter
-3.346.8%-3.1%168
YunaraFilter
-3.546.8%-2.8%247
KalistaFilter
-3.645.9%-3.7%35
JhinFilter
-4.246.3%-3.6%304
support
Zaahen's WR when this ally plays support. Sort ↓ Score for best synergies, ↑ for worst.
Synergy score combining per-side delta, absolute edge, and how often the pairing is played (prevalence-weighted). Matches the ordering used in the synergy drill game. High = strong, reliable duo.Zaahen's Bayesian-smoothed win rate when paired with this ally.Aggregated synergy delta: avg of Zaahen's delta and the ally's delta. High = both benefit from the pairing. Hover a row for the components.Number of games played together.
Matchup SpreadⓘMean absolute deviation of WR across lane matchups. 'On average, matchups deviate from this champ's typical WR by X points.' High = swingy by opponent. Low = consistent. Practical range: ~0.01 to ~0.04.
0.027
Win Rate by Rank
Slope: 0.001
Mastery DepthⓘWR slope vs career mastery (ln championPoints). Positive = rewards one-tricks; negative = easier to pick up. Practical bounds: ±0.19
0.010
Rank BiasⓘWR slope vs rank. Positive = better in high elo, negative = better in low elo. Practical bounds: ±0.036
0.001
15
17
18
16
↓Low compared to other champions in this role
·Average compared to other champions in this role
·Average compared to other champions in this role
Win Rate Distribution
Matchup Spread: 2.69% — on average, matchups deviate from this champion's typical WR by this much. Wide distribution = variable by opponent; tight distribution = consistent.
49 opponents
Q1: 47.8%Median: 50.0%Q3: 52.5%IQR: 4.7%
Win Rate by Mastery
Trend (slope): 0.010
Depth IndexⓘAverage games per unique player on this champion. HIGH = played by dedicated mains/one-tricks. LOW = broadly picked by many different players. Practical range: ~0.4 to ~1.5.
1.08
↓Low compared to other champions in this role
ScalingⓘWR slope vs game length. Positive = scales well late, negative = falls off. Practical bounds: ±0.03